1) One of the 39 Avot Melachot (prototype prohibited activity) is called ''Zoreh'' - ''winnowing'', an activity that involved using the wind to separate between the grain and the unwanted materials mixed up in the pile. Spitting into the wind is defined by the Jerusalem Talmud as a derivative (Toldah) of ''Zoreh''. However, most authorities do not cite this ruling, and the Mishna Berurah (319:67) reasons that it should not be forbidden, firstly, because one has no intention or desire to have the saliva scattered by the wind, and secondly, because using the wind to scatter saliva cannot really be considered similar enough to winnowing to justify being prohibited as a derivative.

1) One of the 39 Avot Melachot (prototype prohibited activity) is called ''Boneh'' - ''construction'' (building); any activity which involves connecting individual items into one whole, might be prohibited as a derivative of ''Boneh''. Braiding one's hair is Rabbinically prohibited because it's similar to an act of building. Loosening the braids is prohibited because it's similar to the Av Melacha called ''Soser'' - ''demolishing''. Braiding a wig is prohibited due to the Av Melacha called ''Oreg'' - ''weaving''. 2) One may put one's hair in a tiara or place a ribbon in it on Shabbat (as long as one is careful not to tie a prohibited knot). 3) One of the 39 Avot Melachot (prototype prohibited activity) is called ''Gozez'' - ''shearing''. Any activity that involves removing from the body of a person or an animal, something which grows on the body, such as hair or nails, is prohibited. 4) One may not brush forcefully or excessively, even with a soft-bristled brush, because it is inevitable that some hair will be pulled out. Any activity that will definitely result in pulling out some hair is prohibited. 5) The soft-bristled brush must be set aside specifically for Shabbat use. Using the same brush on Shabbat that one uses during the week is prohibited because it looks like ''Uvdah De'Chol'', a weekday activity.

בתולה אסורה לקלוע שערותיה בשבת ולא להתיר קליעתה אבל יכולה לתקן שערותיה בידיה ובמסרק העשוי משער חזיר אם הוא קשה מאד שאי אפשר שלא יעקור שערות אסור לסרוק בו אבל אם אינו קשה מותרת לתקן בו שערותיה ומכל שכן אם היא מיחדת אותו לכך

1) One of the 39 Avot Melachot (prototype prohibited activity) is ''Melaben'' - ''bleaching''. Any activity which involves removing dirt which is somewhat absorbed into a fabric, might be considered ''Kibus'' - ''Laundering'', which is prohibited as a derivative (Toldah) of Melaben. One may gently wipe surface dust from a garment. However, if dust has been absorbed into the material, and there is so much of it that one is embarrassed to wear the garment, one may not wipe away the dust. If there is no other garment available, one may wipe away the dust (gently) in an unusual way (for example, with one's elbow). If only a small amount of dust has been absorbed, and one isn't embarrassed to walk around in the garment, then one may gently wipe off the dust. One may not, in any circumstances, use water to clean off an absorbent material. If one's garment has become stained (for example, with mud), one may wipe it gently with a dry rag, as long as one leaves behind a stain. Since the garment will remain soiled, removing the stain is not considered an act of laundering. Although in most instances it is prohibited for a Jew to ask a Gentile to perform an forbidden act on Shabbat, one may ask a Gentile to remove dust absorbed into a garment, and, in cases of necessity, one may even ask a Gentile to remove a stain. 2) One may pour water over any non-absorbent material which has become soiled, however, one may not then wipe up the dirt. 3) One of the 39 Avot Melachot (prototype prohibited activity) is ''Melaben'' - ''bleaching''. Any activity which involves removing dirt which is somewhat absorbed into a fabric, might be considered ''Kibus'' - ''Laundering'', which is prohibited as a derivative (Toldah) of ''Bleaching''. Soaking a fabric with water is considered part of the laundering process, and thus prohibited; this prohibition does not apply to soaking in dirty liquid. Therefore, since one's hands usually have some dirt on them, drying one's hands with a towel is permitted because one is making the towel dirty. This is also the reason it is permitted to wipe dishes with a cloth (Mishna Berurah 302:51). Rubbing one's hands to remove the excess water before drying with a towel is only necessary according to the authorities who hold that even soaking with dirty water is prohibited; although the Mishna Berurah (302:50) calls this stringency a ''Minhag Kasher'' (an appropriate practice), it is nevertheless allowed to dry with a towel without first removing the excess water, because the practical Halacha is not in accordance with the stringent opinion.